Compositions

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a composition containing a particulate solid, an organic medium and/or water and a compound of Formula (1) and salts thereof: Formula (1) wherein R and R′ are independently H or  C1-30 -optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R is H or  C1-30 -optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group where R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl); Y is C 2-4 -alkyleneoxy; T is C 2-4  alkylene; A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof; Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine; W is the residue of an oxide, urea or dibasic acid or anhydride thereof, or mixtures thereof; x is from 2 to 90; and v represents the maximum available number of amino and/or imino groups in Z which does not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)X-T-NH-A-.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2005/43924 filed on Dec. 6, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/637,937 filed on Dec. 21, 2004.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and a dispersant and to their use in inks, millbases, plastics and paints.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many formulations such as inks, paints, mill-bases and plastics materials require effective dispersants for uniformly distributing a particulate solid in an organic medium. The organic medium may vary from a polar to non-polar organic medium. Consequently, dispersants are sought which can disperse a particulate solid in both a polar and a non-polar organic medium.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,212 discloses dispersants comprising a polyester derived from a hydroxycarboxylic acid with at least 8 carbon atoms reacted with a poly(loweralkylene)imine. The dispersants are effective in non-polar medium such as aliphatic solvents and plastics.

EP208041 discloses dispersants comprising a polyester derived from ε-caprolactone reacted with a poly(lower alkylene)imine. The dispersants are effective in more polar medium such as ketones and esters.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,621 discloses motor fuel compositions comprising the reaction product of a dibasic acid anhydride, a polyoxyalkylene monoamine and a hydrocarbyl polyamine having a number average molecular weight of up to 1343.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been found that certain dispersants show excellent ability to disperse a particulate solid in a range of organic media, particularly polar organic media and including water. Thus, according to the present invention, there is provided a composition comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and/or water and a compound of Formula (1) and salts thereof:

wherein

R and R′ are independently H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R is H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group);

R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl;

Y is C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy;

T is C₂₋₄ alkylene;

A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof;

Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine;

W is the residue of an oxide, urea or dibasic acid or anhydride thereof, or mixtures thereof;

x is from 2 to 90;

v represents the maximum available number of amino and/or imino groups in Z which does not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- (i.e., v is the number of unsubstituted valences of Z) and 0-v means 0 to v.

Since Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine, there are typically more than 2 groups RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- attached to Z and these may be the same or different.

In the specific case wherein W is the residue of a dibasic acid, there is provided a composition comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and a compound of formula (1a) and salts thereof:

wherein

R and R′ are independently H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R can be H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group);

R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl;

Y is C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy;

T is C₂₋₄ alkylene;

A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof;

Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine;

x is from 2 to 90; and

A and A¹ are, independently, the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride which may be the same or different; and

p is from 0 to 200.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a composition as described above.

In one embodiment, R is a hydrocarbyl including aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl or alkyl, which may be linear or branched. In one embodiment, R is alkyl, optionally a branched alkyl containing C₁₋₃₀, C₁₋₂₀, C₁₋₆ or C₁₋₄-alkyl. In one embodiment, R is a methyl.

When R is substituted hydrocarbyl, the substituent may be C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, carbonyl, sulphonyl, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, halogen, nitrile, ureido, hydroxyl, urethane or ester (i.e., —COO— or —OCO—). In one embodiment, R is unsubstituted.

In one embodiment, R is aryl including naphthyl or phenyl. In one embodiment, R is aralkyl including 2-phenylethyl or benzyl. In one embodiment, R is alkaryl including octyl phenyl or nonyl phenyl. In one embodiment, R is cycloalkyl including C₃₋₈-cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.

When Y is C₃₋₄-alkyleneoxy and the chain represented by (Y)_(x) contains ethyleneoxy (—CH₂CH₂O—), the structure of (Y)_(x) may be random or block. The chain represented by (Y)_(x) may contain only one type of C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy repeat unit or it may contain two or more different C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy repeat units. When the chain represented by (Y)_(x) contains two or more different C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy repeat units, the structure of (Y)_(x) may be random or block.

In one embodiment, Y is a C₃₋₄-alkyleneoxy group, —CH₂ CH₂CH₂CH₂O— or —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂O— or —CH₂CH(CH₃)O—. In another embodiment, Y is a —CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)O— or —CH₂-CH(CH₂-CH₃)—O—.

When Y is C₃₋₄-alkyleneoxy, the chain represented by (Y)_(x) may contain up to 95%, up to 75%, or up to 50% ethyleneoxy repeat units. Dispersants wherein (Y)_(x) contains more than 50% and especially more than 75% ethylene oxy repeat units are better suited to aqueous medium, optionally containing polar organic liquids.

When Y is C₃₋₄-alkyleneoxy and the chain represented by (Y)_(x) contains ethyleneoxy (—CH₂CH₂O—), the structure of (Y)_(x) may be random or block.

In one embodiment, the Y in Formula (1) is —CH₃CH(CH₃)O— and the chain represented by (Y)_(x) may contain up to 75% ethyleneoxy repeat units.

In one embodiment, T is a C₃₋₄-alkylene or —CH₂CH(CH₃)—. In one embodiment, T is —CH₂CH(CH₃)— or —CH₂CH₂CH₂— when Y is —CH₂CH(CH₃)O—.

The group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH- in one embodiment is the residue of a polyalkyleneoxide diamine. Compounds of this type are commercially available as the Jeffamine™ D or ED-series of diamines from Huntsman Corporation. Specific examples of Jeffamine™ diamines are D-230 (3,0,230), D-400 (6,0,400), D-2000 (33,0,2000), D-4000 (68,0,4000), ED-600 (3.6,9,600), ED-900 (2.5,15.5,900) and ED2003 (6,39,2000). The figures in parentheses are approximate repeat units of propylene oxide, ethylene oxide and number-average molecular weight respectively.

When Z is the residue of a polyamine, it includes polyvinylamine or polyallylamine. Polyallylamine and poly(N-alkyl)allylamines of differing molecular weight are commercially available from Nitto Boseki. Polyvinylamine of differing molecular weight are available from Mitsubishi Kasei.

When Z is the residue of a polyimine, it includes poly (C₂₋₆-alkyleneimine) and especially polyethyleneimine (PEI). The polyimine may be linear or especially branched. Linear polyethyleneimine may be prepared by the hydrolysis of poly(N-acyl) alkyleneimines as described, for example, by Takeo Saegusa et al in Macromolecules, 1972, Vol 5, page 4470. Branched polyethyleneimines of differing molecular weight are commercially available from BASF and Nippon Shokubai. Polypropyleneimine dendrimers are commercially available from DSM Fine Chemicals and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers are available as “Starburst” dendrimers from Aldrich Chemical Company.

Other useful types of polyamine mixtures are those resulting from stripping of the above-described polyamine mixtures to leave as residue what is often termed “polyamine bottoms”. In general, alkylenepolyamine bottoms can be characterized as having less than two, usually less than 1% (by weight) material boiling below about 200° C. A typical sample of such ethylene polyamine bottoms obtained from the Dow Chemical Company of Freeport, Texas designated “E-100” has a specific gravity at 15.6° C. of 1.0168, a percent nitrogen by weight of 33.15 and a viscosity at 40° C. of 121 centistokes. Gas chromatography analysis of such a sample contains about 0.93% “Light Ends” (most probably DETA), 0.72% TETA, 21.74% tetraethylene pentamine and 76.61% pentaethylenehexamine and higher (by weight). These alkylenepolyamine bottoms include cyclic condensation products such as piperazine and higher analogs of diethylenetriamine or triethylenetetramine.

The number average molecular weight of the polyamine or polyimine in one embodiment is from 300 to 650,000, 500 to 600,000, 600 to 200,000, 1,200 to 100,000 or 1500 to 70,000. In the case of polyethyleneimine, the number-average molecular weight in one embodiment is not less than 1200, not less than 1800 or not less than 3,000.

The residue of dibasic acid represented by A and A¹ may be derived from any dibasic acid of formula HOOC—B′—COOH or anhydride thereof wherein B′ is a direct bond or a divalent organic moiety containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. B′ may be aromatic, hetero aromatic, alicyclic or aliphatic which may be optionally substituted. When B′ is aliphatic containing two or more carbon atoms, it may be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated. In one embodiment, B′ is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, B′ contains not greater than 12 carbon atoms and in another embodiment not greater than 8 carbon atoms.

When B′ is aromatic, it includes phenylene, when B′ is alicyclic, it includes cyclohexylene, and when B is aliphatic, it includes an alkylene. In one embodiment, the dibasic acids are terephthalic, tetrahydrophthalic, methyl tetrahydrophthalic, hexahydrophthalic, methyl hexahydrophthalic, trimellitic, C₁₋₂₀-alkenyl or alkyl succinic acids. In one embodiment, the dibasic acids are derived from maleic, malonic, succinic or phthalic acid. When the dibasic acid is derived from an anhydride suitable examples are derived from glutaric, succinic and phthalic anhydrides.

Mixtures of dibasic acids or anhydrides thereof may be used. Thus, A may be the residue of one or more than one different dibasic acid or anhydride. In one embodiment, A is the residue of a single dibasic acid or anhydride. Similarly, A¹ may be the residue of one or more than one different dibasic acid or anhydride. In one embodiment, A¹ is the residue of a single dibasic acid or anhydride. In one embodiment, both A and A¹ are the residue of the same dibasic acid or anhydride. In one embodiment, A and/or A¹ is the residue of succinic anhydride.

When W is the residue of an oxide, any of the amino or imino groups in Z which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- may be converted to a N-oxide by reaction with oxygen (including air) or a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide or ammonium persulphate.

Similarly, when W is the residue of urea, the number of free amino and/or imino groups in Z which are reacted with urea may vary over wide limits up to the maximum number of amino or imino groups which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-.

In one embodiment where W is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride, the majority of free amino or imino groups in Z which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- are reacted with the dibasic acid or anhydride represented by A¹. In one embodiment, W is the residue of an oxide, the residue of urea or the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride.

Thus, when p is other than zero in formula 1a, the majority of amine/imine groups in Z which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- carry the residue -A¹-OH.

In one embodiment, the polyamine or polyimine represented by Z carries 2 or more groups RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- which may be the same or different. Dispersants of this type may be conveniently represented by Formula (2):

wherein

X-*-*-X represents the polyamine and/or polyimine;

Q is the chain RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-; and

q is from 2 to 2000.

In one embodiment, the polyamine or polyimine represented by Z carries two or more different polymer chains and is represented by formula 2a.

wherein

-   -   X-*-*-X and Q are as defined hereinbefore; and

Q¹ represents a polyester and/or polyamide chain of formula R¹-G-(B)_(m−);

R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₅₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl;

G is a divalent bond or carbonyl;

B is the residue of one or more amino carboxylic acids, one or more hydroxy carboxylic acids, one or more lactones of hydroxycarboxylic acids, or mixtures thereof;

q and s are positive integers greater than zero;

m is a positive integer from 2 to 2000; and

q+s is from 2 to 2000.

In one embodiment, G is carbonyl and R¹-G- is the residue of a C₁₋₅₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl carboxylic acid and especially a C₁₋₅₀-optionally substituted aliphatic acid where the aliphatic group may be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched.

In one embodiment, R¹ contains not greater than 30 carbon atoms as disclosed hereinbefore for R.

R¹—CO— may also be the residue of a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated optionally substituted carboxylic acid such as methoxy-acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, lauric acid, dodecanoic acid, stearic acid, 2-ethyl butyric acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, 2-butyl octanoic acid, 2-hexyl decanoic acid, 2-octyl decanoic acid and 2-decyl tetra decanoic acid. Branched alkyl carboxylic acids of this type are also available under the trade name Isocarb (ex Condea GmbH) and specific examples are Isocarb™ 12, 16, 20, 28, 32, 34T and 36.

When R¹ is substituted, the substituent may be one or more ether groups or two or more ether groups. Thus, R¹—CO— may be the residue of an Akypo™ carboxylic acid (ex Kao Chem GmbH). Specific examples are Akypo LF1, Akypo LF2, Akypo RLM 25, Akypo RLM 45 CA, Akypo RO 20 VG and Akypo RO 50 VG.

The amino carboxylic acid from which B is obtainable includes amino-C₂₋₂₀-alk(en)ylene carboxylic acid or an amino C₁₋₂₀-alkylene carboxylic acid. In one embodiment, the alk(en)ylene group contains not greater than 12 carbon atoms. Specific examples are 11-amino undecanoic acid, 6-amino caproic acid, 4-amino butyric acid, β-alanine or sarcosine.

The hydroxy carboxylic acid from which B is derivable includes a hydroxy-C₂₋₂₀-alkenylene carboxylic acid or hydroxy-C₁₋₂₀ alkylene carboxylic acid. Specific examples of suitable hydroxy carboxylic acids are ricinoleic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, 6-hydroxy caproic acid, 5-hydroxy valeric acid, 12-hydroxy dodecanoic acid, 5-hydroxy dodecanoic acid, 5-hydroxy decanoic acid, 4-hydroxy decanoic acid, 10-hydroxy undecanoic acid, lactic acid or glycolic acid.

B is also derivable from a lactone such as β-propiolactone, optionally C₁₋₆-alkyl substituted ε-caprolactone and optionally C₁₋₆-alkyl substituted δ-valerolactone. Specific examples are ε-caprolactone and the 7-methyl-, 3-methyl-, 5-methyl-, 6-methyl-, 4-methyl-, 5-tetra-butyl-, 4,4,6-trimethyl- and 4,6,6-trimethyl-ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone.

In one embodiment, the ratio of q to s is from 6:1 to 1:6.

As noted hereinbefore, the dispersant may be present in the form of a salt. Where the dispersant contains a carboxylic acid group, the salt may be that of an alkali metal such as lithium, potassium or sodium. Alternatively, the salt may be formed with ammonia, an amine or quaternary ammonium cation. Examples of amines are methylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, hexylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine and octadecylamine. The quaternary ammonium cation may be a quaternary ammonium cation or a benzalkonium cation. The quaternary ammonium cation may contain one or two alkyl groups containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of quaternary ammonium cations are tetraethyl ammonium, N-octadecyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium; N,N-didodecyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium, N-benzyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium and N-benzyl-N-octadecyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium cation.

In one embodiment, the dispersant containing a carboxylic acid group is in the form of a free acid.

The dispersant of formula 1 where v is zero may be in the form of a salt of a coloured acid. The coloured acid may be any anionic dyestuff such as sulphonated or carboxylated copper or nickel phthalocyanine containing on average 0.5 to 3 sulphonic acid groups per molecule or a disazo dyestuff containing a sulphonic acid and/or carboxylic acid group.

When v is zero, some of the amine/imine groups in Z which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- may be converted into substituted ammonium groups by reaction with an acid or quaternising agent. Suitable reagents for this purpose include mineral and strong acids such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sulphuric acid, alkyl sulphonic acids, alkyl hydrogen sulphates or aryl sulphonic acids. Quaternisating agents include dimethyl sulphate, benzyl chloride, methyl halides such as chlorine, bromine and iodine, and propane (or butane) sultone.

The compound of Formula (1) may be made by any method known to the art. In one embodiment, the compound is prepared by the reaction of a compound of Formula (3) with a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof and a polyamine and/or a polyimine and optionally a second dibasic acid or an anhydride thereof. RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH₂   Formula 3 wherein R, R′, Y, T and x are as described hereinbefore.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (3) is reacted with the first dibasic acid or anhydride at a temperature from 40 to 150° C. or from 60 to 100° C. The reaction is typically performed in an inert atmosphere. The inert atmosphere may be provided by any inert gas of the Periodic Table, although, nitrogen is commonly used.

The reaction with the polyamine and/or polyimine is carried out in one embodiment at a temperature of from 100 to 200° C. Under such conditions, the reaction results in a mixture of amide and salt forms rather than the salt form alone.

The reaction involving the optional second dibasic acid or anhydride thereof is typically carried out using similar conditions to those employed using the first dibasic acid or anhydride thereof.

The reaction involving the first and the second dibasic acid or anhydride thereof may be carried out in the presence of an organic diluent which is inert to the reactants. Similarly, the reaction between the compound of formula 3 and the dibasic acid or anhydride thereof and the polyamine and/or polyimine may also be carried out in the presence of an organic diluent. In one embodiment, the organic diluent is a solvent for the reactants. The organic diluent may be aromatic or aliphatic including halogenated derivatives. Examples are toluene, chlorobenzene, heptane and petroleum ether distillates. Typically, the reaction is carried out in the absence of an organic diluent.

When W is the residue of an oxide, the number of amino and/or imine groups in Z which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- may vary over wide limits. Such dispersants are easily prepared by reacting dispersants containing free amino and/or imino groups with an oxidizing compound such as oxygen (or air) or a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide or ammonium persulphate. Similarly, when W is the residue of urea such dispersants may also be readily prepared by reacting any free amino and/or imino groups in Z which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- with urea. The reaction in one embodiment is carried out in an inert atmosphere at a temperature between 80° C. and 140° C.

In one embodiment, R and R′ are hydrogen, thus forming a NH₂-moiety on the compound of formula 1. The NH₂-moiety may further react with an alkylation agent (e.g., methyl halides), an acylating agent (e.g., acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride), esters, epoxides, (meth)acrylate or a lactone such as β-propiolactone, optionally C₁₋₆-alkyl substituted ε-caprolactone and optionally C₁₋₆-alkyl substituted δ-valerolactone. Specific examples of a suitable lactone include ε-caprolactone and the 7-methyl-, 3-methyl-, 5-methyl-, 6-methyl-, 4-methyl-, 5-tetra- butyl-, 4,4,6-trimethyl- and 4,6,6-trimethyl-ε-caprolactone and δvalerolactone. In one embodiment, the NH₂-moiety may be further reacted at a temperature in the range from 50° C. to 150° C.

In the specific case where W is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof, the majority of amino and/or imino groups in Z which do not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A- are reacted with the dibasic acid or anhydride.

The particulate solid present in the composition may be any inorganic or organic solid material which is substantially insoluble in the organic medium. In one embodiment, the particulate solid is a pigment.

Examples of suitable solids are pigments for solvent inks; pigments, extenders and fillers for paints and plastics materials; disperse dyes; optical brightening agents and textile auxiliaries for solvent dyebaths, inks and other solvent application systems; solids for oil-based and inverse-emulsion drilling muds; dirt and solid particles in dry cleaning fluids; particulate ceramic materials; magnetic materials and magnetic recording media; fibers such as glass, steel, carbon and boron for composite materials, and biocides, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals which are applied as dispersions in organic media.

In one embodiment, the solid is an organic pigment from any of the recognised classes of pigments described, for example, in the Third Edition of the Colour Index (1971) and subsequent revisions of, and supplements thereto, under the chapter headed “Pigments”. Examples of organic pigments are those from the azo, disazo, condensed azo, thioindigo, indanthrone, isoindanthrone, anthanthrone, anthraquinone, isodibenzanthrone, triphendioxazine, quinacridone and phthalocyanine series, especially copper phthalocyanine and its nuclear halogenated derivatives, and also lakes of acid, basic and mordant dyes. Carbon black, although strictly inorganic, behaves more like an organic pigment in its dispersing properties. In one embodiment, the organic pigments are phthalocyanines, especially copper phthalocyanines, monoazos, disazos, indanthrones, anthranthrones, quinacridones and carbon blacks.

Inorganic solids include: extenders and fillers such as talc, kaolin, silica, barytes and chalk; particulate ceramic materials such as alumina, silica, zirconia, titania, silicon nitride, boron nitride, silicon carbide, boron carbide, mixed silicon-aluminium nitrides and metal titanates; particulate magnetic materials such as the magnetic oxides of transition metals, especially iron and chromium, e.g., gamma-Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, and cobalt-doped iron oxides, calcium oxide, ferrites, especially barium ferrites; and metal particles, especially metallic iron, nickel, cobalt, copper and alloys thereof.

Other useful solid materials include agrochemicals such as the fungicides flutriafen, carbendazim, chlorothalonil and mancozeb.

The organic medium present in the composition of the invention in one embodiment is a plastics material and in another embodiment an organic liquid. The organic liquid may be a non-polar or a polar organic liquid, although a polar organic liquid is typically used. By the term “polar” in relation to the organic liquid, it is meant that an organic liquid is capable of forming moderate to strong bonds as described in the article entitled “A Three Dimensional Approach to Solubility” by Crowley et al in Journal of Paint Technology, Vol. 38, 1966, at page 269. Such organic liquids generally have a hydrogen bonding number of 5 or more as defined in the abovementioned article.

Examples of suitable polar organic liquids are amines, ethers, especially lower alkyl ethers, organic acids, esters, ketones, glycols, alcohols and amides. Numerous specific examples of such moderately strongly hydrogen bonding liquids are given in the book entitled “Compatibility and Solubility” by Ibert Mellan (published in 1968 by Noyes Development Corporation) in Table 2.14 on pages 39-40 and these liquids all fall within the scope of the term polar organic liquid as used herein.

In one embodiment, polar organic liquids are dialkyl ketones, alkyl esters of alkane carboxylic acids and alkanols, especially such liquids containing up to, and including, a total of 6 carbon atoms. As examples of the polar organic liquids include dialkyl and cycloalkyl ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, di-isopropyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, di-isobutyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl n-amyl ketone and cyclohexanone; alkyl esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methoxy propylacetate and ethyl butyrate; glycols and glycol esters and ethers, such as ethylene glycol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 3-methoxypropylpropanol, 3-ethoxypropylpropanol, 2-butoxyethyl acetate, 3-methoxypropyl acetate, 3-ethoxypropyl acetate and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate; alkanols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and isobutanol and dialkyl and cyclic ethers such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. In one embodiment, solvents are alkanols, alkane carboxylic acids and esters of alkane carboxlic acids.

Examples of organic liquids, which may be used as polar organic liquids are film-forming resins such as are suitable for the preparation of inks, paints and chips for use in various applications such as paints and inks. Examples of such resins include polyamides, such as Versamid™ and Wolfamid™, and cellulose ethers, such as ethyl cellulose and ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate butyrate resins, including mixtures thereof. Examples of paint resins include short oil alkyd/melamine-formaldehyde, polyester/melamine-formaldehyde, thermosetting acrylic/melamine-formaldehyde, long oil alkyd, polyether polyols and multi-media resins such as acrylic and urea/aldehyde.

The organic liquid may be a polyol, that is to say, an organic liquid with two or more hydroxy groups. In one embodiment, polyols include alpha-omega diols or alpha-omega diol ethoxylates.

In one embodiment, non-polar organic liquids are compounds containing aliphatic groups, aromatic groups or mixtures thereof. The non-polar organic liquids include non-halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene and xylene), halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene), non-halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., linear and branched aliphatic hydrocarbons containing six or more carbon atoms both fully and partially saturated), halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloroethane ) and natural non-polar organics (e.g., vegetable oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, terpenes and glycerides).

In one embodiment, the organic liquid comprises at least 0.1% by weight, or 1% by weight or more of a polar organic liquid based on the total organic liquid.

The organic liquid optionally further comprises water. In one embodiment, the organic liquid is free of water.

When the organic liquid contains water, the amount of water present in one embodiment is not greater than 70%, is not greater than 50% or not greater than 40% by weight based on the amount of organic liquid.

The plastics material may be a thermoset resin or a thermoplastic resin. The thermosetting resins useful in this invention include resins which undergo a chemical reaction when heated, catalysed, or subject to UV radiation and become relatively infusible. Typical reactions in thermosetting resins include oxidation or unsaturated double bonds, reactions involving epoxy/amine, epoxy/carbonyl, epoxy/hydroxyl, polyisocyanate/hydroxy, amino resin/hydroxy moieties, free radical reactions or polyacrylate, cationic polymerization or epoxy resins and vinyl ether, condensation or silanol, etc.

Polymers with hydroxy functionality (frequently polyols) are widely used in thermosetting system to crosslink with amino resins or polyisocyanates. The polyols include acrylic polyols, alkyd polyols, polyester polyols, polyether polyols and polyurethane polyols. Typical amino resins include melamine formaldehyde resins, benzoguanamine formaldehyde resins, urea formaldehyde resins and glycoluril formaldehyde resins. Polyisocyanates are resins with two or more isocyanate groups, including both monomeric aliphatic diisocyanates, monomeric aromatic diisocyanates and their polymers. Typical aliphatic diisocyanates include hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Typical aromatic isocyanates include toluene diisocyanates and biphenylmethane diisocyanates.

In one embodiment, thermoplastic resins include polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polystyrenics, poly(meth)acrylates, celluloses and cellulose derivatives. Said compositions may be prepared in a number of ways but melt mixing and dry solid blending are typical methods.

If desired, the compositions may contain other ingredients, for example, resins (where these do not already constitute the organic medium), binders, fluidizing agents anti-sedimentation agents, plasticizers, surfactants, anti-foamers, rheology modifiers, leveling agents, gloss modifiers and preservatives.

The compositions typically contain from 1 to 95% by weight of the particulate solid, the precise quantity depending on the nature of the solid and the quantity depending on the nature of the solid and the relative densities of the solid and the polar organic liquid. For example, a composition in which the solid is an organic material, such as an organic pigment, in one embodiment contains from 15 to 60% by weight of the solid whereas a composition in which the solid is an inorganic material, such as an inorganic pigment, filler or extender, in one embodiment contains from 40 to 90% by weight of the solid based on the total weight of composition.

The composition may be prepared by any of the conventional methods known for preparing dispersions. Thus, the solid, the organic medium and the dispersant may be mixed in any order, the mixture then being subjected to a mechanical treatment to reduce the particles of the solid to an appropriate size, for example by ball milling, bead milling, gravel milling or plastic milling until the dispersion is formed. Alternatively, the solid may be treated to reduce its particle size independently or in admixture with either the organic medium or the dispersant, the other ingredient or ingredients then being added and the mixture being agitated to provide the composition.

The composition of the present invention is particularly suited to liquid dispersions. In one embodiment, the dispersion composition comprises:

a) from 0.5 to 30 parts of a particulate solid;

b) from 0.5 to 30 parts of a compound of Formula (1); and

c) from 40 to 99 parts of an organic liquid;

wherein all parts are by weight and the amounts (a)+(b)+(c)=100.

In one embodiment, component a) comprises from 0.5 to 30 parts of a pigment and such dispersions are useful as liquid inks, paints and mill-bases.

If a composition is required comprising a particulate solid and a dispersant of Formula (1) in dry form, the organic liquid is typically volatile so that it may be readily removed from the particulate solid by a simple separation means such as evaporation. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the organic liquid.

If the dry composition consists essentially of the dispersant of Formula (1) and the particulate solid, it typically contains at least 0.2%, at least 0.5% or at least 1.0% dispersant of Formula (1) based on weight of the particulate solid. In one embodiment, the dry composition contains not greater than 100%, not greater than 50%, not greater than 20% or not greater than 10% by weight of dispersant of Formula (1) based on the weight of the particulate solid.

As disclosed hereinbefore, the compositions of the invention are suitable for preparing mill-bases wherein the particulate solid is milled in an organic liquid in the presence of a compound for Formula (1) and salts thereof.

Thus, according to a still further aspect of the invention there is provided a mill-base comprising a particulate solid, an organic liquid and a compound of Formula (1) and salts thereof.

Typically, the mill-base contains from 20 to 70% by weight particulate solid based on the total weight of the mill-base. In one embodiment, the particulate solid is not less than 10 or not less than 20% by weight of the mill-base. Such mill-bases may optionally contain a binder added either before or after milling.

The binder is a polymeric material capable of binding the composition on volatilisation of the organic liquid.

Binders are polymeric materials including natural and synthetic materials. In one embodiment, binders include poly(meth)acrylates, polystyrenics, polyesters, polyurethanes, alkyds, polysaccharides such as cellulose, and natural proteins such as casein. In one embodiment, the binder is present in the composition at more than 100% based on the amount of particulate solid, more than 200%, more than 300% or more than 400%.

The amount of optional binder in the mill-base can vary over wide limits but is typically not less than 10%, and often not less than 20% by weight of the continuous/liquid phase of the mill-base. In one embodiment, the amount of binder is not greater than 50% or not greater than 40% by weight of the continuous/liquid phase of the mill-base.

The amount of dispersant in the mill-base is dependent on the amount of particulate solid but is typically from 0.5 to 5% by weight of the mill-base.

Dispersions and mill-bases made from the composition of the invention are particularly suitable for use in coatings and paints, especially high solids paints; inks, especially flexographic, gravure and screen inks; non-aqueous ceramic processes, especially tape-coating, doctor-blade, extrusion and injection molding type processes; composites, cosmetics, adhesives and plastics materials.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a paint or ink comprising a particulate solid, an organic liquid, a binder and a compound of Formula (1) and salts thereof.

As noted hereinbefore, many of the dispersants of Formula (1) are novel.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound of Formula (4) and salts thereof:

wherein R, R′, Y, T, A, Z, A¹, x, (Y)_(x) and the salts are as defined hereinbefore and r is from 1 to 200.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (4) and salts thereof is provided wherein R, R′, T, A, Z, A¹, x, the salts and r are as defined hereinbefore, Y is C₃₋₄-alkyleneoxy and the chain represented by (Y)_(x) may contain up to 75% by number of ethyleneoxy repeat units.

According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound of Formula (1) and salts thereof wherein Z is a polyamine and/or polyimine having a number average molecular weight of not less than 1200 and where v is zero.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (1) and salts thereof is provided wherein Y is C₃₋₄-alkyleneoxy, the chain represented by (Y)_(x) may contain up to 75% by number of ethyleneoxy repeat units and Z is a polyamine and/or polyimine having a number average molecular weight of not less than 1200.

According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound of formula 5:

wherein R, R′, Y, T, A, Z, x and v are as defined hereinbefore and W is the residue of an oxide or urea.

In one embodiment, the compound is obtainable/obtained from the reaction of a diamine, a polyamine and/or polyimine and a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof. Consequently, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that a compound may include a mixture of products from formulae 1, 1a, 4 and 5. Furthermore, compounds may include moieties with one or more unreacted amines, 1 or more carboxylic acid or anhydride functional groups or 1 or more amide functional groups. The invention further includes any of the compounds obtainable from the reaction of a diamine, a polyamine and/or polyimine and a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof as described herein.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples wherein all references to amounts are in parts by weight unless indicated to the contrary.

EXAMPLES Example 1 1:1 Jeffamine D2000:Succinic Anhydride

Jeffamine D2000 (400 g 200 mmols, ex Huntsman) and succinic anhydride (20 g 200 mmols, ex Aldrich) is stirred at 80° C. for 18 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to give a viscous yellow liquid (418 g), IR showed no presence of an anhydride group and the presence of a carbonyl amide (1659 cm⁻¹). Acid value of the mixture is measured as 26.3 mg KOH/g and base equivalent as 2026. This is Intermediate 1.

Polyethyleneimine SP030 (3.1 g 1 mmol, ex Nippon Shokubai MW 3000) is added to stirred intermediate 1 (40 g 19 mmols) at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. After 15 minutes, the whole mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 6 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to give a viscous amber gum (41 g). The acid value of the mixture is measured as 16 mg KOH/g. This is Dispersant 1.

The reaction above is repeated using various MW polyethyleneimines.

Example 2 13:1 (1:1:1 Jeffamine D2000:Succinic Anhydride:Acetic Anhydride): Polyethyleneimine SP200

Acetic anhydride (2.13 g 20.9 mmols, ex Fisher) is added to stirred Intermediate 1 (40 g 19 mmols) at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The whole mixture is stirred at 80° C. for 6 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to give a pale yellow liquid. The acid value of the mixture is measured as 26.6 mg KOH/g and there is no base equivalent value indicating complete reaction of the amine groups. IR showed no presence of an anhydride group and the presence of a carbonyl amide (1649 cm⁻¹). This is Intermediate 2.

Polyethyleneimine SP200 (3.1 g 0.03 mmols, ex Nippon Shokubai MW 10000) is added to stirred intermediate 2 (40 g 19 mmols) at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. After 15 minutes, the whole mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 6 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to give a viscous amber gum (42 g). The acid value of the mixture is measured as 15.8 mg KOH/g. This is Dispersant 2.

Example 3 to 36

Dispersants 3 to 36 are prepared in a similar process to either Dispersant 1 and/or 2. The chemicals used to prepare Dispersants 3 to 36 are shown in Table 1(a) to Table 1(c). Dispersants 31 to 34 are prepared by further reactions as follows:

Dispersant 2 (16 g) is gently stirred in toluene (16 g) at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and succinic anhydride (0.87 g, ex Aldrich) is added. The mixture is stirred at 80° C. for 2 hours or until no anhydride is detectable by IR. An orange solution (32 g) is obtained. This is Dispersant 31.

Dispersant 12 (20 g) and urea (0.65 g ex Aldrich) are stirred together at 120° C. for 24 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. A brown viscous liquid (20 g) is obtained. This is Dispersant 32.

Dispersant 11 (20 g) and 35 wt % of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (1.06 g ex Fisher) is stirred together at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere until the peroxide has substantially reacted as confirmed by a negative result using starch iodide paper. A brown, viscous liquid (20 g) is obtained. This is Dispersant 33.

Dispersant 21 (16 g) and dimethyl sulphate (DMS) (0.16 g ex Aldrich) are stirred together at 90° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere until the DMS has substantially reacted as confirmed by a negative result using bromocresol green indicator. A pale yellow viscous liquid (16 g) is obtained. This is Dispersant 34.

TABLE 1(a) Disper- Acylating sant Jeffamine Anhydride Agent PEI Ratio 3 D2000 Succinic None Epomin 13:1 SP006 4 D2000 Succinic None Epomin 13:1 SP018 5 D2000 Glutaric Acetic Epomin 12:1 Anhydride SP050 6 D2000 Succinic None TEPA 13:1 7 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 13:1 Anhydride SP006 8 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 13:1 Anhydride SP012 9 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 13:1 Anhydride SP018 10 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 13:1 Anhydride SP30 11 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 13:1 Anhydride SP050 12 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 13:1 Anhydride SP075 13 D2000 Diglycolic Acetic Epomin 11:1 Anhydride SP200 14 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 13:1 Anhydride SP300

TABLE 1(b) Disper- Acylating sant Jeffamine Anhydride Agent PEI Ratio 15 D2000 Succinic Acetic TEPA 13:1 Anhydride 16 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 7:1 Anhydride SP030 17 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 7:1 Anhydride SP075 18 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 6:1 Anhydride SP200 19 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 5:1 Anhydride SP300 20 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 20:1 Anhydride SP012 21 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin 18:1 Anhydride SP200 22 ED900 Succinic Acetic Epomin 6:1 Anhydride SP075 23 ED2001 Succinic Acetic Epomin 6:1 Anhydride SP075 24 Poly THF Succinic Acetic Epomin 6:1 bisamine Anhydride SP075 25 ED2001 Succinic Acetic Epomin 10.5:1 Anhydride SP300 26 ED2001 Succinic Acetic Epomin 16:1 Anhydride SP030 27 D2000 Diglycolic Acetic Epomin 6:1 Anhydride SP075

TABLE 1(c) Disper- Acylating sant Jeffamine Anhydride Agent PEI Ratio 28 D2000 Succinic None Epomin SP200 8:1 29 D2000 Succinic Acetic Polyallylamine 10:1 Anhydride MW 17,000 30 D2000 Succinic Acetic Polyallylamine 18:1 Anhydride MW 17,000 31 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin SP200 13:1 Anhydride 32 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin SP075 13:1 Anhydride 33 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin SP050 13:1 Anhydride 34 D2000 Succinic Acetic Epomin SP200 18:1 Anhydride 35 ED2001 Succinic Acetic Polyallylamine 18:1 Anhydride MW 17,000 36 D2000 Succinic Caprolactone Epomin SP200 13:1 Footnote to Table 1(a) to 1(c): PEI is polyethyleneimine commercially available from Nippon Shokubai as Epomin ™.

Example 37

Jeffamine D2000 (400 g 200 mmols, ex Huntsman) and succinic anhydride (30 g 300 mmols, ex Aldrich) are stirred at 80° C. for 18 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. This is Intermediate 3.

Acetic anhydride (1.06 g 10.4 mmols, ex Fisher) is added to stirred intermediate 3 (40 g 19 mmols) at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The whole mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 6 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. This is Intermediate 4.

Polyethyleneimine SP075 (5.7 g 0.76 mmols, ex Nippon Shokubai MW 7500) is added to stirred intermediate 4 (40 g 19 mmols) at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. After 15 minutes, the whole mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 6 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. This is Dispersant 37.

Preparation of Mill-bases

A series of magenta mill-bases were prepared utilizing Dispersants 1 to 40. The mill-bases were prepared by dissolving dispersant 1 or 2 (0.65 g) in a solvent mixture of 7.55 g MPA:Butanol ratio of 4:1 (MPA=methoxypropylacetate). Glass beads (3 mm, 17 parts) and Monolite Rubine 3B (ex Heubach 2.0 parts) were added and the mixture was shaken on a horizontal shaker for 16 hours. A comparative example is prepared in the absence of dispersant. The resulting dispersions were then assessed for fluidity using an arbitrary scale of A to E (good to bad). The results obtained are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Milling Grade in 4:1 Dispersant MPA:Butanol 1 B/C 2 B 3 D/E 4 D/E 5 B 6 E 7 E 8 D/E 9 C 10 B 11 B 12 B 13 A/B 14 C 15 E 16 C/D 17 B 18 B 19 C/D 20 E 21 B 22 B/C 23 B 24 C 25 B 26 B 27 B 28 A/B 29 A 30 A 31 A 32 A 33 — 34 — 35 A/B 36 — Control 1 C Control 2 C Control 3 E Footnote to Table 2: Control 1 is polycaprolactone end-capped with lauric acid and reacted with polyethyleneimine as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,611. Control 2 is Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,877; and Control 3 uses no dispersing agent.

Tables 2 show that dispersants of the present invention give good fluidity with organic media of very different polarities.

Each of the documents referred to above is incorporated herein by reference. Except in the Examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numerical quantities in this description specifying amounts of materials, reaction conditions, molecular weights, number of carbon atoms, and the like, are to be understood as modified by the word “about.” Unless otherwise indicated, each chemical or composition referred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial grade material which may contain the isomers, by-products, derivatives, and other such materials which are normally understood to be present in the commercial grade. However, the amount of each chemical component is presented exclusive of any solvent or diluent oil, which may be customarily present in the commercial material, unless otherwise indicated. It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention may be used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements. As used herein, the expression “consisting essentially of” permits the inclusion of substances that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition under consideration.

While the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention disclosed herein is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A composition comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and/or water and a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula 2a and salts thereof:

wherein X-*-*-X represents a polyamine and/or polyimine; Q is the chain RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-; Q¹ represents a polyester and/or polyamide chain of formula R¹-G-(B)_(m)-; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₅₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; G is a divalent bond or carbonyl; B is the residue of one or more amino carboxylic acids, one or more hydroxy carboxylic acids, one or more lactones of hydroxycarboxylic acids, or mixtures thereof; q and s are positive integers greater than zero; q in Formula 2 is from 2 to 2000; q+s in Formula 2a is from 2 to 2000; R and R′ are independently H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R is H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group); R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl; Y is C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy; T is C₂₋₄ alkylene; A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof; Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine; W is the residue of an oxide, urea or dibasic acid or anhydride thereof, or mixtures thereof; x is from 2 to 90; and v represents the maximum available number of amino and/or imino groups in Z which does not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-, wherein the particulate solid is a pigment.
 2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and a compound of Formula (1a) and salts thereof:

wherein R and R′ are independently H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R is H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group); R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl; Y is C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy; T is C₂₋₄ alkylene; A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof; Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine; x is from 2 to 90; and A and A¹ are, independently, the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride which may be the same or different; and p is from 0 to
 200. 3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein A is the residue independently derived from the group consisting of maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic and phthalic acid, glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride and phthalic anhydride.
 4. The composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein A′ is the residue independently derived from the group consisting of maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic and phthalic acid, glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride and phthalic anhydride.
 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the group represented by Z and X-*-*-X is polyethyleneimine.
 6. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the organic medium is an organic liquid or a plastics material.
 7. The composition as claimed in claim 6 wherein the organic liquid comprises at least 0.1% by weight of a polar organic liquid based on the total organic liquid.
 8. A composition comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and/or water and a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula 2a and salts thereof:

wherein X-*-*-X represents the polyamine and/or polyimine; Q is the chain RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-; Q¹ represents a polyester and/or polyamide chain of formula R¹-G-(B)_(m)-; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₅₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; G is a divalent bond or carbonyl; B is the residue of one or more amino carboxylic acids, one or more hydroxy carboxylic acids, one or more lactones of hydroxycarboxylic acids, or mixtures thereof; q and s are positive integers greater than zero; q in Formula 2 is from 2 to 2000; q+s in Formula 2a is from 2 to 2000; R and R′ are independently H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R is H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group); R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl; Y is C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy; T is C₂₋₄ alkylene; A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof; Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine; W is the residue of an oxide, urea or dibasic acid or anhydride thereof, or mixtures thereof; x is from 2 to 90; and v represents the maximum available number of amino and/or imino groups in Z which does not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-, wherein the particle solid is a pigment, and wherein the composition is a paint, an ink, or a mill-base.
 9. A composition comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and/or water and a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula 2a and salts thereof:

wherein X-*-*-X represents the polyamine and/or polyimine; Q is the chain RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)T-NH-A-; Q¹ represents a polyester and/or polyamide chain of formula R¹-G-(B)_(m)-; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₅₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; G is a divalent bond or carbonyl; B is the residue of one or more amino carboxylic acids, one or more hydroxy carboxylic acids, one or more lactones of hydroxycarboxylic acids, or mixtures thereof; q and s are positive integers greater than zero; q in Formula 2 is from 2 to 2000; q+s in Formula 2a is from 2 to 2000; R and R′ are independently H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R is H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group); R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl; Y is C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy; T is C₂₋₄ alkylene; A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof; Z is the residue of a polyamine and/or polyimine; W is the residue of an oxide, urea or dibasic acid or anhydride thereof, or mixtures thereof; x is from 2 to 90; and v represents the maximum available number of amino and/or imino groups in Z which does not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-, wherein the particle solid is a pigment, and wherein the organic medium is a plastic material.
 10. A composition comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and/or water and a compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula 2a and salts thereof:

wherein X-*-*-X represents a polyimine; Q is the chain RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-; Q¹ represents a polyester and/or polyamide chain of formula R¹-G-(B)_(m)-; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₅₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; G is a divalent bond or carbonyl; B is the residue of one or more amino carboxylic acids, one or more hydroxy carboxylic acids, one or more lactones of hydroxycarboxylic acids, or mixtures thereof; q and s are positive integers greeter than zero; q in Formula 2 is from 2 to 2000; q+s in Formula 2a is from 2 to 2000; R and R′ are independently H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; or R is H or C₁₋₃₀-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and R′ is R″C═O (an acyl group); R″ is hydrogen, alkyl or an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl; Y is C₂₋₄-alkyleneoxy; T is C₂₋₄ alkylene; A is the residue of a dibasic acid or anhydride thereof; Z is the residue of a polyimine; W is the residue of an oxide, urea or dibasic acid or anhydride thereof, or mixtures thereof; x is from 2 to 90; and v represents the maximum available number of amino and/or imino groups in Z which does not carry the group RR′N-T-O—(Y)_(x)-T-NH-A-. 